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WordPress数据库错误： [Got error 28 from storage engine]SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `wp_options`
WordPress数据库错误： [Got error 28 from storage engine]SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `wp_options`
WordPress数据库错误： [Got error 28 from storage engine]SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `wp_options`
SDcamps•演辩营全国英语演讲与辩论赛
Of course, you’ve just heard and you already know that we’re running out of antibiotics. 当然，你一定听说过，而且你早就知道了，我们快要没有有效的抗生素了。 Bacteria are incredibly multi-drug-resistant right now, and that’s because all of the antibiotics that we use kill bacteria. 现在的细菌都拥有不可思议的多重耐药性，而这都是因为这些抗生素的工作原...
So we went back to molecular biology and started studying different bacteria, 所以我们回到分子生物学的方法，开始研究不同的细菌， and what we’ve found now is that in fact, bacteria are multilingual. 我们现在已经发现，事实上，细菌可以讲多国种语言。 They all have a species-specific system — they have a molecule that says “me.” 它们都有一...
These bacteria are not passive riders, these are incredibly important, they keep us alive. 这些细菌不是顺从的乘客，他们难以置信得重要，他们让我们活着。 They cover us in an invisible body armor that keeps environmental insults out so that we stay healthy. 它们是我们身上的无形盔甲，阻断来之环境的伤，保持我们的健康。 They digest our food, they make our vitamins, th...
To finish I’ll just show you the strategy. 最后，我只跟你们说一下战略。 In this one I’m just using the interspecies molecule, but the logic is exactly the same. 在这里，我们只是使用跨菌种分子，但是思维逻辑是一模一样的。 What you know is that when that bacterium gets into the animal, in this case, a mouse, it doesn’t initiate virulence right awa...
Why this is interesting is because in the past decade we have found that this is not just some anomaly of this ridiculous, 这个发现之所以有趣，是因为在过去十年间，我们发现这种现象不只局限在这种古怪的、 glow-in-the-dark bacterium that lives in the ocean — all bacteria have systems like this. 住在大海中、会在黑暗中发光的细菌，而是所有的细菌都有类似的系统。 S...
Bacteria are the oldest living organisms on the earth. 细菌是地球上最古老的生物。 They’ve been here for billions of years, and what they are are single-celled microscopic organisms. 它们已经存在数十亿年了，它们是单细胞微生物。 So they are one cell and they have this special property that they only have one piece of DNA. 它们特征是只有一个细胞，还有就是...
The final thing is, again just to reiterate that there’s this practical part, 最后，只是再一次重申，这个研究的实际应用方面， and so we’ve made these anti-quorum sensing molecules that are being developed as new kinds of therapeutics. 是我们已经制造出了这些“反聚量感应分子”，它们正作为新一代的疗法被开发研究中。 But then, to finish with a plug for all t...
But then if you think about it, the squid has this terrible problem 但是如果你再深入地想一下，这乌贼会有一个可怕的问题， because it’s got this dying, thick culture of bacteria and it can’t sustain that. 因为在它的体内，这些黏稠的细菌会不断的增长，死亡，乌贼无法维持这些细菌的生长。 And so what happens is every morning when the sun comes up the squid g...
What I would hope that I could further argue to you is that this is the invention of multicellularity. 我希望能进一步地说服你们的是，这就是多细胞生物的起源。 Bacteria have been on the Earth for billions of years; humans, couple hundred thousand. 细菌已经生存在地球上数十亿年了。人类只有数十万年而已。 We think bacteria made the rules for how multicellular organiza...
We also then went to look at what are these molecules — these were the red triangles on my slides before. 我们同时也研究了这些小分子，这些就是我刚才幻灯上的小红三角形。 This is the Vibrio fischeri molecule. This is the word that it talks with. 这个是费氏弧菌的小分子。也就是它们用以交谈的文字。 So then we started to look at other bacteria, and these are jus...
What was actually interesting to us was not that the bacteria made light, but when the bacteria made light. 事实上，我们感兴趣的部分并不是细菌会不会发光，而是细菌何时发光。 What we noticed is when the bacteria were alone, so when they were in dilute suspension, they made no light. 我们发现，当细菌独立存在，经稀释后进行悬浮培养时，它们不发光。 But when they grew ...
The reason that Vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology. 费氏弧菌的发光现象来自生物学上的原因。 Again, another plug for the animals in the ocean, Vibrio fischeri lives in this squid. 接下来，我们再来看一个海洋生物：费式弧菌寄生在这种乌贼的体内。 What you are looking at is the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid, and it’s been turned on its back, 你们现...