So in the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels, from the geometrical hallucinations --在邦纳式幻觉中，有好几种等级，从几何幻觉，the pink and blue squares the woman had -- up to quite elaborate hallucinations with figures and especially faces.比如老太太看到的粉色和蓝色的方块，到非常复杂的幻觉，比如各种人像，尤其是面容，Faces, and someti

Now this, for me, is a common situation. I work in old-age homes, largely.其实这种现象对我来说并不稀奇，我在养老院工作。I see a lot of elderly people who are hearing impaired or visually impaired.认识很多老人是听力或视力受损的。About 10 percent of the hearing impaired people get musical hallucinations.10%的听力受损者有听觉幻觉。And about 10 percent

And there&#39s been a bunch of interesting studies recently that have shown this playing around is really a kind of experimental research program.最近有很多有意思的研究显示了孩子的随意尝试，的确可以作为一个研究项目。Here&#39s one from Cristine Legare&#39s lab. What Cristine did was use our Blicket Detectors.这是克里斯汀·勒加雷的一项实验。克里斯汀使用了我们的

What is going on in this baby&#39s mind? If you&#39d asked people this 30 years ago,这位宝宝在想什么？如果你在30年前问这个问题，most people, including psychologists, would have said that this baby was irrational, illogical, egocentric --大多数人，包括心理学家，会告诉你这个小孩没有理性的，没逻辑，以自我为中心——that he couldn&#39t take the perspective of an

If this is true, if these babies are designed to learn -- and this evolutionary story would say children are for learning, that&#39s what they&#39re for --如果第二种解释是真的。那这些小宝宝天生就是学习的料，从进化论来看，他们天生就在学习，学习就是他们的本性——we might expect that they would have really powerful learning mechanisms.我们可以想象，他们可能有非常巧妙的学习

Sometimes, she said, before the people come on, she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor, which seem to go up to the ceiling.她说，有时候在她看到人之前，她还能看到地板上粉色和蓝色的方块跑到天花板上。I said, &quotIs this like a dream?&quot And she said, &quotNo, it&#39s not like a dream. It&#39s like a movie.&quot She said

Well if we want to think about a way of getting a taste of that kind of baby consciousness as adults,如果我们大人也想体验一下小孩的那种知觉，I think the best thing is think about cases where we&#39re put in a new situation that we&#39ve never been in before --我认为我们可以想象一下，给自己一个从未遇到过的状况——when we fall in love with someone

Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain, but particular cells.1970年左右，人们发现特化的不是一块区域，而是相应的脑细胞。&quotFace cells&quot were discovered around 1970. And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells, which can be very, very specific.“脸细胞”是1970年左右发现的，至今，我们已经发现了数百

We see with the eyes, but we see with the brain as well. And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.我们用眼睛看世界，但我们也用大脑看。用大脑来看，也就是我们常说的想象。And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination, our inscapes. We&#39ve lived with them all our lives.我们很熟悉自己想象的模式，也就是内心世界，它伴随我们一生。But ther

She didn&#39t mind the cartoons too much. But what did disturb her was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces and as with Rosalie,她并不大关注那部卡通，让她非常苦恼的是，这些幻觉持续地出现，而且跟罗斯莉的情况一样，the faces were often deformed, with very large teeth or very large eyes. And these frightened her.幻觉中的脸往往是扭曲的

So to test this we used a machine that we have called the Blicket Detector.为了证明这个观点，我们用了一个叫做玩具侦探的仪器。This is a box that lights up and plays music when you put some things on it and not others.如果你在这个箱子上放一些东西，其它的上面不放，那它可以发光还伴有音乐。And using this very simple machine, my lab and others have done dozens of

Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago -- he wondered how, thinking these hallucinations, how, as he put it, the theater of the mind could be generated by the machinery of the brain.查尔斯·邦纳在250年前在对这些幻觉现象的观察的促使下，思考了这个问题，心智的戏剧性是如何产生于大脑运作的呢？Now, 250 years later, I think we&#39re beginning to glimpse how thi

And sort of the posterbirds for this idea are the birds up there.图片上的鸟可以证明这个观点。On one side is a New Caledonian crow. And crows and other corvidae, ravens, rooks and so forth, are incredibly smart birds.左边是一只新喀里多尼亚岛的乌鸦。像乌鸦，其它雅科，渡鸦，和秃鼻乌鸦那类的鸟，都非常的聪明。They&#39re as smart as chimpanzees in some respects.

With him and with Rosalie, what seems to be going on -- and Rosalie said, &quotWhat&#39s going on?&quot --这种在查尔斯·鲁林和罗斯莉身上发生的让罗斯莉问道“我这是这么了？”的现象and I said that as you lose vision, as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input, they become hyperactive and excitable, and they start to

Well, what&#39s it like to be this kind of creature? What&#39s it like to be one of these brilliant butterflies who can test five hypotheses in two minutes?当小孩子是什么样一种经历呢？像那些聪明的蝴蝶一样，在两分钟内测试五个假设？Well, if you go back to those psychologists and philosophers, a lot of them have said that babies and young

So the question is: What would the baby give her, what they liked or what she liked?但大家都想知道：宝宝会给她什么，是贝蒂喜欢的还是自己喜欢的？And the remarkable thing was that 18 month-old babies, just barely walking and talking, would give her the crackers if she liked the crackers,让人惊讶的是18岁大的宝宝，虽然还没有开始走路和说话，给了贝蒂饼干如果她喜欢饼干，but

All right, why would we see this correlation?我们为什么看到这样的一个关联？Well an idea is that that strategy, that learning strategy, is an extremely powerful, great strategy for getting on in the world, but it has one big disadvantage.答案是学习的技巧，它非常有用，对成功也很有帮助，但也有它的不利。And that one big disadvantage is that, until y

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