First, we all need to get out in the forest.首先，我们都得走出家门，走进森林。We need to reestablish local involvement in our own forests.我们需要重新使当地的居民融入到我们森林中去。You see, most of our forests now are managed using a one-size-fits-all approach,其实，现在我们的大部分林业实践采用的都是一体通用的方法，but good forest stewardship requires knowledge of

You see, you can take out one or two hub trees,你们看，我们可以拿走一两颗中心树，but there comes a tipping point,但这样就会达到森林承受极限了，because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an airplane.因为森林里的中心树就像是飞机里的铆钉。You can take out one or two and the plane still flies, but you take out one too many,你卸下一两个铆钉的话飞机还能飞，但是如果你一次卸下太多，or

Our poor dog Jigs had slipped and fallen into the pit.我们可怜的狗吉格斯，脚一滑跌进了一个坑里。So grandpa ran up with his shovel to rescue the poor dog.爷爷匆忙抄起一把铁铲，跑过去救那只可怜的狗。He was down there, swimming in the muck.那狗掉进了深处，在淤泥里挣扎。But as grandpa dug through that forest floor, I became fascinated with the roots,但在爷爷挖开森林的地

After the hour was up, I rolled down my window, and I checked for mama grizzly.一小时的时间到了之后，我摇下了车窗，看看灰熊妈妈还在不在。Oh good, she&#39s over there eating her huckleberries.哦太棒了，她在挺远的地方吃她的蓝莓呢。So I got out of the truck and I got to work.所以我下了卡车继续我的工作。I went to my first bag with the birch. I pulled the bag off.我

And then in later experiments, we found the opposite,而在随后的实验中，我们发现了相反的情况，that fir was sending more carbon to birch than birch was sending to fir,花旗松给纸皮桦送的碳比纸皮桦给它的碳多，and this was because the fir was still growing while the birch was leafless.这是因为当纸皮桦树叶掉光了的时候花旗松还在不停的生长。So it turns out the two species

Not only that, we&#39re continuing to plant one or two species and weed out the aspens and birches.不仅如此，我们还在继续种植着那一两种单一的树木，还继续着把山杨和桦树清除出去。These simplified forests lack complexity,这种单一的树木种类使森林缺少了多样性，and they&#39re really vulnerable to infections and bugs.这让它们在传染病和虫害面前根本不堪一击。And as climate changes, th

Trees in real forests might also share information below ground.在真正的森林中，树木可能还会在地下交流信息。But this was really controversial, and some people thought I was crazy,但这个想法其实挺有争议的，一些人觉得我疯了，and I had a really hard time getting research funding.所以我筹集科研经费的那段日子真的很艰难。But I persevered, and I eventually conducted so

The first day of the experiment, we got out to our plot实验的第一天，我们来到了实验地点，and a grizzly bear and her cub chased us off.突然一头灰熊和她的熊宝宝出现，把我们赶跑了。And I had no bear spray. But you know, this is how forest research in Canada goes.然后我还没带防熊喷雾剂。但你知道吗，在加拿大做森林研究其实就是这样的。So I came back the next day, and mama grizzl

For me, I&#39ve conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest.对我来说，我在森林中已经进行和发表过上百次的实验了。Some of my oldest experimental plantations are now over 30 years old.有一些我最早进行实验的种植园，到现在已经超过30年了。You can check them out. That&#39s how forest science works.你可以去看看它们。这才是搞林业学应该做的事。So now I want to ta

Imagine you&#39re walking through a forest.想象你正穿行在森林中。I&#39m guessing you&#39re thinking of a collection of trees,我猜你想的是一大片树，what we foresters call a stand, with their rugged stems and their beautiful crowns.我们林业工作者称之为“林分”，它们有着遒劲的枝干，和美丽的树冠。Yes, trees are the foundation of forests, but a forest is mu

You see, like all networks, mycorrhizal networks have nodes and links.你们看，就像所有的网络一样，真菌的网络中也有节点和链接。We made this map by examining the short sequences of DNA of every tree and every fungal individual in a patch of Douglas fir forest.我们在一片花旗松森林中的所有树和所有真菌中，提取了它们的DNA短序列，并且制作了这份遗传图。In this picture, the cir

Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks.母树通过更大的菌根网络来覆盖住自己孩子们所在的区域。They send them more carbon below ground.在地下，它们给孩子们会送去更多的碳。They even reduce their own root competition to make elbow room for their kids.它们甚至会减少它们自己和其它树根部的竞争，来为它们的孩子们创造更多的活动空间。When mother trees are injured or d

Ted英语演讲：苏珊·西玛德:树木是怎么互相交流的