To give me an idea of how many of you here为了让我知道这里有多少人may find what I&#39m about to tell you待会儿会觉得我告诉你的事情of practical value,有实用价值，let me ask you please to raise your hands:请符合条件的人把手举起来:Who here is either over 65 years old这里有谁已经超过65岁or hopes to live past age 65或者想要活到65岁以后or has parents or grandparent

At the opposite extreme在对待老人的另一个极端in treatment of the elderly, the happy extreme,这个快乐的极端，are the New Guinea farming societies是在新几内亚的农耕社会where I&#39ve been doing my fieldwork for the past 50 years,过去50多年来，我在那里做野外调查and most other sedentary traditional societies还有大多数其他在世界各地around the world.定居的传统社会。In t

The fact that some people believe事实上有些人民相信an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again一个万能的神能让他们复活and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it还有一些人相信万能的科学能使他们复活suggests that neither are really believing this这说明人们在确凿的证据面前on the strength of the evidence.并不相信永生这回事儿Rather, we believe the

And the bias I&#39m talking about我这里说的偏误works like this:是这么回事：Confront someone with the fact某些人面对that they are going to die他们终将会死去的现实and they will believe just about any story他们只会相信that tells them it isn&#39t true告诉他们的任何故事都不会是真的and they can, instead, live forever,他们可以永久的活着，even if it means taking th

I have a question:我要问大家一件事：Who here remembers when they first realized在座的各位谁还记得当自己第一次意识到they were going to die?自己有一天会死去时那一刻的感受？I do. I was a young boy,我还记得，那时我还是个小男孩and my grandfather had just died,我的祖父刚刚过世了，and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night记得几天后的一个夜晚，我躺在床上trying to make sense of

A plan involves answering这个计划是能包含了回应的straightforward questions about the end you want.直接了当关于你想如何结束的问题Where do you want to be when you&#39re no longer independent?如果你不能再独立，你希望自己在哪里？What do you want in terms of medical intervention?你希望医疗保护的干预么？And who&#39s going to make sure your plan is followed?谁能让你

And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene我们发现活到90或者100岁人里that have found to be more frequently present最常有的in people who live to be 90 or 100.某种FOXO基因And that&#39s the case all over the world,这是遍布全球的例子as you can see from these stars.正如大家看到的这些星星And each one of these stars represents a population每一个

Okay.好了So what is the daf-2 gene?那么daf-2基因到底是什么？Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA,正如大家所知，基因是DNA的一部分they&#39re instructions to make a protein that does something.它们是经编码的指令，用于制造特定功能的蛋白质And the daf-2 gene而daf-2基因的编码encodes a hormone receptor.对应了一类激素受体So what you see in the picture ther

Look, I had second thoughts, really,说实话，我犹豫过about whether I could talk about this到底应不应该to such a vital and alive audience as you guys.对你们一群如此有活力的观众讲这个题目。Then I remembered the quote from Gloria Steinem,但我又想起了Gloria Steinem的一句话which goes,她是这样说的&quotThe truth will set you free,“真相会给你自由，but first it wil

By the end of this year,截止今年年底，there&#39ll be nearly a billion people on this planet这个星球上将有接近十亿人口that actively use social networking sites.在很活跃地使用社交网站。The one thing that all of them have in common他们有一个共同点，is that they&#39re going to die.就是他们终将死去。While that might be a somewhat morbid thought,也许这是个有点病

I was called down to the ward to see him.我被叫到病房去看他。His is the little hand.他的小手可以说是骨瘦如柴。I was called down to the ward to see him一名呼吸内科医生by a respiratory physician.将我叫到他的诊室。He said, &quotLook, there&#39s a guy down here.他对我说：“那有个病人”He&#39s got pneumonia,他得的是肺炎，and he looks like he needs intensive care

But the idea that science can cure death但科学能够治愈死亡的观点is just one more chapter in the story只是神奇的灵丹妙药故事的of the magical elixir,又一个章节，a story that is as old as civilization.和古文明一样古老的故事。But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir但把所有的赌注都压在寻找灵丹妙药and staying alive forever和长生不老上面is a risky strat

And, if that wasn&#39t bad enough, of course,如果这还不算太糟糕的话，当然all of this is rapidly progressing towards the fact that我们很快可以看到另一个数据many of you, in fact, about one in 10 of you at this point,很多人，事实上，大约10个人当中就有1个will die in intensive care.会死在ICU中。In the U.S., it&#39s one in five.而在美国，这个数字是每5个人当中有1个。In Mi

But as social scientists, we continue to ask但作为社会学家，我们继续问about possible alternatives.是否有其他可能We&#39ve said, well maybe older people也许老年人report more positive emotions报告更多的积极感受because they&#39re cognitively impaired.是因为他们认知机能受损We&#39ve said, could it be会不会that positive emotions are simply easier to pro

Clearly, people didn&#39t want us to talk about death,显而易见，人们并不希望我们和他们谈论死亡，or, we thought that.或者，我们自己如此认为。So with loads of funding from the Federal Government所以，在联邦政府和地方卫生部门资金的支持下and the local Health Service, we introduced a thing我们在John Hunter医院引入了at John Hunter called Respecting Patient Choices.一

So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?那么，激素到底是怎样影响衰老的速度呢？How could that work?原理是什么呢？Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,原来在daf-2变异体中a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA有大量的基因被转变到DNA里面that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,蛋白质编码保护细胞和组织and rep

Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer大家有没有想过要年轻再久一点and put off aging?延缓衰老呢？This is a dream of the ages.这是很久以来的梦想了But scientists have for a long time不过科学家以前一直认为thought this just was never going to be possible.这大概根本永远不可能They thought you just wear out, there&#39s nothing you can do about i

What would be a good end of life?什么是一个生活美好的结尾？And I&#39m talking about the very end.我所说的是最终的结尾I&#39m talking about dying.我所说的是死亡We all think a lot about how to live well.我们都在想如何更好的生活I&#39d like to talk about increasing our chances of dying well.而我想要谈的是，如何更美好地告别人生I&#39m not a geriatrician.我并不是老年病学家I

Adam Ostrow: Hello.亚当·奥斯丘：你好。Death: Adam?死神：亚当？AO: Yeah.亚当：是。Death: Death can catch you anywhere, anytime,死神：死神可以在任何时间，任何地点抓到你，even at the Organic.甚至在你还是有机体的时候。AO: Who is this?亚当：你是谁？Death: Go to ifidie.net死神：去如果我死了.netbefore it&#39s too late.在一切都太迟以前。Adam Ostrow: Kind of creepy, right?亚当·奥斯丘：有点吓人，对

18 minutes is an absolutely brutal time limit,十八分钟是一个非常紧的时间限制，so I&#39m going to dive straight in, right at the point因此我直入主题，讲重点的，where I get this thing to work.我将马上开始。Here we go. I&#39m going to talk about five different things.好，我要谈五个不同的事情。I&#39m going to talk about why defeating aging is desirabl

The geriatrician will intervene late in the day,老年医学医生会在一个人老化过程的后段，when pathology is becoming evident,病理越来越明显的时候，and the geriatrician will try and hold back the sands of time,做治疗来尽量阻止老化时间and stop the accumulation of side effects和副作用积累from causing the pathology quite so soon.并且阻止那么快就造成不可避免地死亡。Of cour

The therapies will be improving faster than治疗法比起治疗法中存在的缺陷the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us.改进得更快。This is a very important point for me to get across.这是我想说的非常重要的一点。Because, you know, most people, when they hear因为，很多人一听到that I predict that a lot of people alive today

Study after study一个又一个的研究is coming to the same conclusion.证实了相同的结论The CDC recently conducted a survey疾病防治中心(CDC)最近进行了一次调查where they asked respondents simply to tell them他们简单地要求受试者来报告whether they experienced significant psychological distress在过去的一周里自己是否经历了in the previous week.重大的心理困扰And fewer older p

People are living longer人们现在越活越久and societies are getting grayer.社会也逐渐变得老龄化You hear about it all the time.你可能总是听到别人这么说You read about it in your newspapers.你也从报纸上如是读到You hear about it on your television sets.从电视上看到Sometimes I&#39m concerned有时候我很担心that we hear about it so much我们听过长寿太多次that we&#39ve co

And it seems to me that the first question我的看法是，is entirely a biology question,第一个问题完全是生物学的问题，and it&#39s extremely hard to answer.这是非常难回答。One has to be very speculative,一个人必须非常投机，and many of my colleagues would say that we should not do this speculation,和我的许多同事会说，我们不应该做这种推测，that we should simply ke

Thank you, Cynthia.谢谢，辛西娅Let me get this straight.让我直说Although you&#39re looking for a drug尽管你在找寻一种药that can solve aging它能解决in old men like me,像我一样老人的衰老问题what you could do now pretty well in the lab,几乎在实验室你能做什么if you were allowed ethically,如果你在道德上被准许is start a human life from scratch从人类生命开始with alte

You know, if you haven&#39t got an argument that&#39s that strong,你知道，如果你还没有比这一个说法更强的论点，then just don&#39t waste my time, is what I say.那么就不要浪费我的时间。这是我的看法。Now, there is one argument话虽如此，有一种观点有些人认为，that some people do think really is that strong, and here it is.确实是很强，我们就在这儿讨论一下。People worry about ove

It&#39s got to be philanthropic, because profits distract biotech,这些研究的钱的来源最好是慈善，因为利润会分散生物技术研究公司的注意力，but it&#39s basically got a 90 percent chance, I think, of succeeding in this.但我认为它基本上有着百分之九十的机会成功。And I think we know how to do it. And I&#39ll stop there.因为我们已经知道应该怎么做。我就说到这里。Thank you.谢谢您。OK. I do

Some abilities, of course, decrease with age.当然，一些能力会随着年龄的增长而变差。Those include abilities at tasks这些包括完成requiring physical strength and stamina,需要体力和耐力，ambition, and the power of novel reasoning野心及在特定情况下有创意的推理力in a circumscribed situation,的这类任务的能力，such as figuring out the structure of DNA,如想出DNA的结构，be

This list is just for illustration it is incomplete.这个列表仅仅是一个例子，它是不完整的。The list on the right is also incomplete.右边的列表也一样不完整。It&#39s a list of types of pathology that are age-related,它们只是一种与年龄and it&#39s just an incomplete list.有关的病的列表。But I would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is