But let me show you cutting-edge robotics. 现在我来介绍一下最高端的机器人技术。 Now a lot of robotics is very impressive, but manipulation robotics is really just in the dark ages. 如今许多项机器人技术已经相当厉害，可是在机器人动作控制方面我们遇到了瓶颈，
Quick question for you, Dan. So you're a movement -- (DW: Chauvinist.) -- chauvinist. 我问一个简短的问题。所以你是一个运动--（沃：沙文主义者。）--沙文主义者。 Does that mean that you think that the other things we think our brains are
So why is it that we move the particular ways we do? 那我们为什么用这种特定的模式移动呢？ Well let's think about what really happens. Maybe we don't all quite move the same way. 来想想真实情况可能是什么。假如我们并不都用同一种模式移动。 Maybe ther
That information is available in the current shot, but there's another source of information not available on the current shot, 以上这些信息是实时获得的，但是另一个获得信息的渠道，不是实时获得的， but only available by repeated experi
Now I have to admit, these are the worst studies my lab has ever run. 现在我要承认，这个是我实验室里进行过的最糟糕的实验。 Because the tickle sensation on the palm comes and goes, you need large numbers of subjects with these
So I am a movement chauvinist. I believe movement is the most important function of the brain -- don't let anyone tell you that it's not true. 所以说，我是个运动沙文主义者，我认为运动是大脑最重要的功能，不要让别人告诉你这个观点不对。 Now if move
I'm a neuroscientist. And in neuroscience, we have to deal with many difficult questions about the brain. 我是个神经生物学家。在神经生物学研究里，我们需要处理很多关于大脑的难题。 But I want to start with the easiest question and the que
So for example, if you put your hand under a table and try to localize it with your other hand, you can be off by several centimeters due to the noise in sensory feedback. 比如说，如果把一只手放在桌子底下，然后在桌子上面用另一只
And the fundamental idea is you want to plan your movements so as to minimize the negative consequence of the noise. 话说回来，我们的基本思路是要找到一种动作方式，能够把杂音带来的负面影响降到最低。 And one intuition to get is actually the a
What evidence is there for this? 那有什么证据支持这点吗？ Well there's one very clear example where a sensation generated by myself feels very different then if generated by another person. 我们认为其中一个非常明了的例子就是自身产生的
But we've got a problem. Tasks are symbolic -- I want to drink, I want to dance -- but the movement system has to contract 600 muscles in a particular sequence. 但在这里出现问题了。动作任务是符号性质的--我要喝水，我要跳舞--但是运动系统
So let's think about the inference. You want to generate beliefs about the world. 我们先来看推断。在推断中，我们要建立对于当前情景的“信念”。 So what are beliefs? Beliefs could be: where are my arms in space? 那么什么是信念？信念可以是我的胳膊在空间
So we decided to test this in the lab. Now we don't work with children, we don't work with hitting, but the concept is identical. 所以我们决定在实验室里做这个测试，好了我们不用小孩子，也不用打的，不过概念是相同的。 We bring in two adults. We
But you can imagine looking inside the brain. And here's inside the brain. 不过我们能想象大脑内部发生了什么。图上就是大脑内部。 You might have a little predictor, a neural simulator, of the physics of your body and your senses
