励志演讲 :未来的路(5)
The international financial system, as it was reconstructed after the Second World War, did not create a level playing field; it was lopsided by design. The international financial institutions — the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank — were organized as shareholding companies in which the rich countries held a disproportionate share of the votes and also controlled the boards. This put the countries at the periphery at a disadvantages vis-a-vis those at the center.
第二次世界大战后重建的国际金融体系并没有创建一个平衡的竞争环境,而是有意倾向于某—边。国际金融机构——国际货币基金组织和世界银行——按照股份制公司的模式而组建,其中的富有的成员国拥有绝对份额的表决权,他们控制着董事会,而相比之下一些边缘国家则处于劣势。
Ever since, the system has been dominated by the United States. And the Bretton Woods conference, Lord Keynes proposed but it was the head of the American delegation, Harry White, who disposed. Since then, we have gone; from an almost completely regulated system to an almost completely deregulated one but the changes were led by the United States and the system has continued to be guided by what has become known as the Washington Consensus.
从那以后,金融体系就一直处于美国的主宰之下。尽管在布雷顿森林会议上,英国凯恩斯勋爵提出了提议,但美国代表团团长哈里·怀特掌握决定权。此后,该体系从一个完全受监督的体系演变成一个几乎无监管的体系。然而这些变化由美国所主导,而该体系则继续由被称之为《华盛顿共识》的文件所引领。
Although the rules laid down by the Washington Consensus are supposed to apply to all countries equally, the United States — as the issuer of the main international currency —is more equal than the others.
虽然《华盛顿共识》所规定的规则本应平等地适用于所有成员国,但对于主要的国际货币发行国——美国似乎比其他国家更“平等”。
重点讲解:
1. by design
有意地;故意地;蓄意地;
eg. The pair met often — at first by chance but later by design.
这两个人经常见面——开始是偶然的,后来就是有意的了。
eg. Whether by design or accident his timing was perfect.
不管是计划好的还是巧合,他对时机的把握堪称完美。
2. ever since
自从;打…以后一直;
eg. You've been my best friend ever since we started in the infants.
自从我们上幼儿园起,你就是我最好的朋友。
eg. I simply gave in to him, and I've regretted it ever since.
我居然向他让步了,后来我一直为此后悔不已。
3. lay down
规定;制定;颁布;
eg. The Companies Act lays down a set of minimum requirements…
《公司法》规定了一系列最低标准。
eg. Taxis must conform to the rigorous standards laid down by the police.
出租车必须遵守警方的严格规定。
4. be supposed to do sth.
本应该(发生而没有发生);
eg. Wells was supposed to put up half the money, but later backed out.
韦尔斯本应当出一半的钱,但后来他食言了。
eg. He has been sold down the river by the people who were supposed to protect him.
他被那些本应该保护他的人出卖了。
5. apply to
适用;适合;
eg. These principles apply to learning maths.
这些原则适用于学习数学。
eg. This new policy will apply to all new applications.
该项新政策将适用于所有的申请人。
名人简介:
改变命运
【1949年】,为了改变自己的命运,索罗斯考入伦敦经济学院。索罗斯选修了1977年诺贝尔经济学奖获 得者John Mead(约翰·米德)的课程,虽然Mead名气很大,但索罗斯却认为并未从中学到什么东西。他喜欢的是另一个自由哲学家卡尔·波普(Karl Popper),卡尔鼓励他严肃地思考世界运作的方式,并且尽可能地从哲学的角度解释这个问题。这对于索罗斯建立金融市场运作的新理论打下了坚实的基础。
曾经一度,贫困几乎使索罗斯辍学,但伦敦经济学院的智慧帮助索罗斯战胜孤独。让他在书籍和思想中找到了莫大的乐趣,他还写了一本书,但没写完,就先搁置了,因为毕业将近,无论年轻的索罗斯对未来有多少幻想,都必须谋生。
【1953年】,春天,索罗斯从伦敦经济学院学成毕业,但这个学位对他毫无帮助。他去做任何能找到的工作,首先是去北英格兰的海滨胜地销售手提袋,而这次经历让他感觉到了生活的艰辛和不易,尤其是钱的重要性。他开始逐渐放弃以前那种不切实际的想法,寻觅一个能够提供高工资的工作。为了进入伦敦投资银行的门槛,他给市里所有的投资银行各写了一封求职信,终于,机会降临了,辛哥尔与弗雷德兰德提供了一个培训生的工作,索罗斯终于可以摆脱长久以来的贫困,有了一个糊口的工作,而他的金融生涯也就此揭开了序幕。
索罗斯着迷于这个工作,成了一名在黄金股票套汇方面很有专长的交易员,尤其是在利用不同市场差价赚钱方面专长。他开始有了一些小钱,但是伦敦的单调已经不能满足日益成长起来的索罗斯了,他决定到世界最大的金融中心、一个冒险家的乐园——纽约闯荡一番!
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