SDcamps•演辩营全国英语演讲与辩论赛
Quick question for you, Dan. So you're a movement — (DW: Chauvinist.) — chauvinist. 我问一个简短的问题。所以你是一个运动–（沃：沙文主义者。）–沙文主义者。 Does that mean that you think that the other things we think our brains are about — the dreaming, the yearning, 是不是意味着你认为我们觉得让大脑有存在意义的其他事情–那些梦想、渴望、 ...
So why is it that we move the particular ways we do? 那我们为什么用这种特定的模式移动呢？ Well let's think about what really happens. Maybe we don't all quite move the same way. 来想想真实情况可能是什么。假如我们并不都用同一种模式移动。 Maybe there's variation in the population. 假如人群中有差异。 And maybe those who move better than others have got more chance o...
That information is available in the current shot, but there's another source of information not available on the current shot, 以上这些信息是实时获得的，但是另一个获得信息的渠道，不是实时获得的， but only available by repeated experience in the game of tennis, 而是来自只有通过反复练习网球才得来的经验， and that's that the ball doesn't bounce with equal probabili...
Now I have to admit, these are the worst studies my lab has ever run. 现在我要承认，这个是我实验室里进行过的最糟糕的实验。 Because the tickle sensation on the palm comes and goes, you need large numbers of subjects with these stars making them significant. 因为痒痒的感觉就像昙花一现，所以需要大量的试验者，还只能靠星级来给痒痒的程度打分。 So we were looking for a much more ob...
So I am a movement chauvinist. I believe movement is the most important function of the brain — don't let anyone tell you that it's not true. 所以说，我是个运动沙文主义者，我认为运动是大脑最重要的功能，不要让别人告诉你这个观点不对。 Now if movement is so important, how well are we doing understanding how the brain controls movement? 那么，如果运动如此重要，我们...
I'm a neuroscientist. And in neuroscience, we have to deal with many difficult questions about the brain. 我是个神经生物学家。在神经生物学研究里，我们需要处理很多关于大脑的难题。 But I want to start with the easiest question and the question you really should have all asked yourselves at some point in your life, 不过我今天要从这个最简单的问题开始，这个问题是大家应该在以...
So for example, if you put your hand under a table and try to localize it with your other hand, you can be off by several centimeters due to the noise in sensory feedback. 比如说，如果把一只手放在桌子底下，然后在桌子上面用另一只手去对准，最后位置可能相差好几厘米，这就是因为感官回馈里面的杂音在起作用。 Similarly, when you put motor output on movement output, it's extremel...
And the fundamental idea is you want to plan your movements so as to minimize the negative consequence of the noise. 话说回来，我们的基本思路是要找到一种动作方式，能够把杂音带来的负面影响降到最低。 And one intuition to get is actually the amount of noise or variability I show here gets bigger as the force gets bigger. 并且我们凭直觉就知道我在这里展示的杂音，或者说可变性随力...
What evidence is there for this? 那有什么证据支持这点吗？ Well there's one very clear example where a sensation generated by myself feels very different then if generated by another person. 我们认为其中一个非常明了的例子就是自身产生的动作带来的感觉与他人做同样动作带来的感觉是十分不同的。 And so we decided the most obvious place to start was with tickling. 我们认为最直接...
But we've got a problem. Tasks are symbolic — I want to drink, I want to dance — but the movement system has to contract 600 muscles in a particular sequence. 但在这里出现问题了。动作任务是符号性质的–我要喝水，我要跳舞–但是运动系统需要按特定顺序收缩600块肌肉。 And there's a big gap between the task and the movement system. 况且有一个巨大的鸿沟...
So let's think about the inference. You want to generate beliefs about the world. 我们先来看推断。在推断中，我们要建立对于当前情景的“信念”。 So what are beliefs? Beliefs could be: where are my arms in space? 那么什么是信念？信念可以是我的胳膊在空间里的什么位置。 Am I looking at a cat or a fox? 也可以是我在看一只猫还是一只狐狸？ But we're going to represent beliefs wi...
So we decided to test this in the lab. Now we don't work with children, we don't work with hitting, but the concept is identical. 所以我们决定在实验室里做这个测试，好了我们不用小孩子，也不用打的，不过概念是相同的。 We bring in two adults. We tell them they're going to play a game. 我们找来两个成人。告诉他们来做个小游戏。 And so here's player one and player tw...
But you can imagine looking inside the brain. And here's inside the brain. 不过我们能想象大脑内部发生了什么。图上就是大脑内部。 You might have a little predictor, a neural simulator, of the physics of your body and your senses. 里面可能有一个预测结构，也就是神经组成的模拟器来模拟身体和感觉器官的物理过程。 So as you send a movement command down, you tap a copy of that off...
I grew up to study the brain because I have a brother who has been diagnosed with a brain disorder, schizophrenia. 我之所以选择学习脑科，是因为我的一个弟弟被诊断大脑功能紊乱，用专业点的说法就是精神分裂症。 And as a sister and later, as a scientist, I wanted to understand, why is it that I can take my dreams, 作为姐姐，到后来是作为科学家，我十分想了解为什么我们会做梦， I can ...
And I'm asking myself, "What is wrong with me? What is going on?" 我对自己说，“我究竟是怎么了？ And in that moment, my left hemisphere brain chatter went totally silent. “发生了什么事？”而就在那个时候，我的脑子开始咔哒作响了——我的左脑嗡嗡的响——突然一片寂静。 Just like someone took a remote control and pushed the mute button. Total silence. 就像有人拿起了一个远...
And in that moment, my right arm went totally paralyzed by my side. 那一刻，我的右手完全瘫痪了， Then I realized, "Oh my gosh! I'm having a stroke!" And the next thing my brain says to me is, Wow! This is so cool! 我意识到“噢天哪！我中风了！我中风了！”接着我的脑子对我说：“哇噢！“很酷嘛！ This is so cool! How many brain scientists have the opportunity to study t...
And so I say to him — clear in my mind, I say to him: "This is Jill! I need help!" 我就对他说，我记得很清楚，我对他说：“我是吉尔，我需要帮助！” And what comes out of my voice is, "Woo woo woo woo woo." I'm thinking, "Oh my gosh, I sound like a Golden Retriever." 但是我发出的声音却是，“汪汪汪汪汪！”我想，“天哪，我听起来也像一只金毛猎狗...
But then I realized, "But I'm still alive! I'm still alive, and I have found Nirvana. 但我意识到，“我还活着，我还活着！而且我找到了天堂， And if I have found Nirvana and I'm still alive, then everyone who is alive can find Nirvana." 如果我找到了天堂而且我还活着，那么活着的每一个人都能找到天堂。” And I pictured a world filled with beautiful, peaceful, co...
My left hemisphere, our left hemisphere, is a very different place. 我的左脑半球，我们的左脑半球，则是一个完全不同的地方。 Our left hemisphere thinks linearly and methodically. 我们左脑半球的思考是线性的，系统的。 Our left hemisphere is all about the past and it's all about the future. 我们的左脑半球的内容是关于过去和将来。 Our left hemisphere is designed to take that en...
If you've ever seen a human brain, it's obvious that the two hemispheres are completely separate from one another. 不知道各位是否见过人类的大脑，很明显，它是由两个独立的半球组成。 And I have brought for you a real human brain. So this is a real human brain. 今天我给大家带来了一个真实的人脑。看，这就是一个真实的人脑， This is the front of the brain, the back of brain ...