We have to recognize that real faith has no easy answers.我们须认识到真正的信仰，从来没有简单答案It&#39s difficult and stubborn.它是困难的、固执而不顺从的It involves an ongoing struggle,牵涉不间断的挣扎a continual questioning of what we think we know, a wrestling with issues and ideas.要不断怀疑自以为知道的，它是一场争议和想法之争It goes hand in hand with doubt,

And the more I thought about it, the more it made sense that he doubted,我越想越觉得他的怀疑是源自于because doubt is essential to faith.怀疑是相信的必要部分If this seems a startling idea at first,如果最初听起来让人吃惊的话consider that doubt, as Graham Greene once put it, is the heart of the matter.就试想一下葛兰姆·葛林说过的话，怀疑是事情的核心部分Abolish all

In fact, most of us do,事实上，我们大多数也会拒绝whether we&#39re atheist or theist or anywhere in between or beyond, for that matter,无论我们是无神论者或有神论者，或中间派或超越二者，就此而言what drives us is that, despite our doubts and even because of our doubts, we reject the nihilism of despair.让我们前进的是：尽管我们会怀疑，甚至正是因为我们怀疑，我们排斥絶望的虚无主义We

Writing biography is a strange thing to do.撰写传记是一件不可思议的事情It&#39s a journey into the foreign territory of somebody else&#39s life,记下别人的一生就如异国旅程一样a journey, an exploration that can take you places you never dreamed of going这段旅程让你探索那些从未想过的地方and still can&#39t quite believe you&#39ve been, especially if

In effect, they are the infidels.实际上，他们才是异教徒Like fundamentalists of all religious stripes, they have no questions, only answers.像所有不同宗教的原教旨主义者一样，他们没有发问问题，只有答案They found the perfect antidote to thought and the ideal refuge of the hard demands of real faith.为思想找到了完美的对抗手段，为对真正的信仰提供理想避难所They don&#39t ha

We do our best to ignore the fact that we don&#39t always have it,我们尽管忽略一项事实，我们并不常有敬畏之心and that not everything can be explained.也不是一切事情都能解释Yet whether you&#39re a rationalist or a mystic,然而，无论你是理性主义者，或是神秘主义者whether you think the words Muhammad heard that night came from inside himself or from outsid

Still, some boundaries are larger than others.然而，有些领域的边界更为宽广So a human encountering the divine, as Muslims believe Muhammad did,所以当人类遇到了神性时，正如伊斯兰教徒相信穆罕默德一样to the rationalist, this is a matter not of fact but of wishful fiction,对于理性主义者来说，这并不是事实，而是一厢情愿的想像and like all of us, I like to think of myself a

At worst, possession -- that he&#39d been seized by an evil jinn,往坏处想，他被邪恶的神怪附身了a spirit out to deceive him, even to crush the life out of him.要来欺骗他，甚至来取他的性命In fact, he was so sure that he could only be majnun, possessed by a jinn,事实上，他非常肯定他只是恶魔附身，被神怪占有that when he found himself still alive, his fir

And yes, there was a lot of conflict and debate and argument,当然，这其中有很多的矛盾和辩论，but that allowed everyone around the table to be creative, to solve the problem, and to change the device.不过这使得所有人都变得有创造力，都能去解决问题，去改变这台设备。Joe was what a lot of people might think of as a whistle-blower, except that like alm

In Oxford in the 1950s, there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual, named Alice Stewart.在20世纪50年代的牛津，有一位相当优秀而又极不寻常的医生，她叫Alice Stewart Alice。And Alice was unusual partly because, of course, she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s.她很不寻常，因为她是个女医生，这在20世纪50年代很罕见。And she was brilliant,

If we aren&#39t going to be afraid of conflict, we have to see it as thinking, and then we have to get really good at it.如果我们不惧怕矛盾的话，我们必须把它当作思考，然后我们必须变得很擅长。So, recently, I worked with an executive named Joe, and Joe worked for a medical device company.因此，最近，我在和一个叫Joe的行政人员工作，Joe为一家医疗设备公司工作。And Joe wa

It flew in the face of conventional wisdom, which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology of that age, which was the X-ray machine.这对于这一观念是很大的冲击，尤其是对于当时的新科技X光机器的巨大热情。And it flew in the face of doctors&#39 idea of themselves, which was as people who helped patients, they didn&#39t harm them.而

She worked with a statistician named George Kneale, and George was pretty much everything that Alice wasn&#39t.她当时与一位名叫George Kneale的统计学家合作，而George刚好与Alice互补。So, Alice was very outgoing and sociable, and George was a recluse.Alice非常外向和社交化，而George是个隐居者。Alice was very warm, very empathetic with her pa

Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.当时，Alice很难为她的研究筹备到资金。In the end, she got just 1,000 pounds from the Lady Tata Memorial prize.最后,她只得到了1000英镑，从Lady Tata纪念奖得来的。And that meant she knew she only had one shot at collecting her data.这意味着她知道她对于收集数据，只有一次机会。Now, she had no idea what to

So what does that kind of constructive conflict require?那么这种建设性的矛盾要求什么呢？Well, first of all, it requires that we find people who are very different from ourselves.首先呢，它需要我们去找到十分不同的人们。That means we have to resist the neurobiological drive, which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves

So how do organizations think? Well, for the most part, they don&#39t.那么这些组织是怎么想的呢？其实大多数情况下，他们是不思考的。And that isn&#39t because they don&#39t want to, it&#39s really because they can&#39t.这不是因为他们不想，而是因为他们无法思考。And they can&#39t because the people inside of them are too afraid of conflict.因为在组织里面的人，对于矛盾

I think we need to be teaching these skills to kids and adults at every stage of their development,我认为我们应该向所有小孩和大人都教授这些技巧，if we want to have thinking organizations and a thinking society.如果我们想要能够思考的组织和社会。The fact is that most of the biggest catastrophes that we&#39ve witnessed rarely come from infor

TED寻求真理：莱斯莉·黑索顿：怀疑乃信仰之关键

Ted英语演讲：莱斯莉·黑索顿:怀疑乃信仰之关键